Three Waves of Variation Study - 14802 Words

1 Three Waves of Variation Study: The emergence of meaning in the study of variation Penelope Eckert Stanford University Abstract The treatment of social meaning in variation has come in three waves of analytic practice. The first wave of variation studies established broad correlations between linguistic variables and the macro-sociological categories of socioeconomic class, sex class, ethnicity and age. The second wave employed ethnographic methods to explore the local categories and configurations that inhabit, or constitute, these broader categories. In both waves, variation was seen as marking social categories. This paper sets out a theoretical foundation for the third wave, arguing that (1) variation constitutes a robust†¦show more content†¦There are some very big questions, such as how the system of social meaning is structured, what kinds of social meanings are expressed in variation, how local meanings such as those found on Martha’s Vineyard articulate with broad demographic patterns, and how the relation between variants and social meanings becomes conventionalized. In what follows, I will outline an approach to the study of variation that centers on social meaning. This is not a proposal to replace, but to refine and supplement, current approaches to variation. I will begin by tracing the progress of the social study of variation over the past forty-five years, in order to illuminate the main issues. The treatment of social meaning in variation has come in three waves of analytic practice. No wave supersedes the previous, but each represents a quite distinct way of thinking about variation, and a distinct methodological and analytic practice, each of which grew out of the findings of the previous wave. The first wave of variation studies, launched by William Labov’s New York City study (Labov,1966), laid a solid foundation for the study of variation by establishing broad correlations between linguistic variables and the macro-sociological categories of socioeconomic class, sex class, ethnicity and age. These patterns pointed to questionsShow MoreRelate dSymptoms And Treatments Of Aroma Therapy1574 Words   |  7 Pagesgenerations of patients manage pain and stress. With future research in physiology and aroma therapy there could be a correlation found with neurotransmitters and what causes this â€Å"relaxing† effect. Using an ECG for this experiment showed the different variations in heart intervals. The heart intervals when measured are associated with different functions of heart and circulatory system. Humans have an average baseline heartrate and this can easily be compared to a heartrate measurement that is not exactlyRead MoreThe Cauchy Stress Principle1505 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cauchy stress principle is one of the main hypotheses in mechanics of solids. The study of linear and nonlinear wave processes is very important. Elastic waves are high-performance instrument to research strained and deformed state of solids an also to study their structure and properties. Elastic waves can propagate deeply inside the material without disturbing the material state. The elasto-dynamic problem is a challenging predicament to the modern material scientists. In the last twenty yearsRead MoreUltrasonic is the universally accepted technique to study the physico-chemical properties of the800 Words   |  4 PagesUltrasonic is the universally accepted technique to study the physico-chemical properties of the liquids, liquid mixtures, electrolytic solutions and polymeric solutions. Liquids, liquid-mixtures and solutions find wide applications in medical, pharmaceutical, chemical, lather, textile, nuclear and solvent, solution related industries. The study and understanding of the thermodynamic properties of liquid mixtures and solutions are more essential for their applications in these industries. The measurementsRead MoreNon Gravitational Effects On Jupiter s Satellites1161 Words   |  5 Pagesassumed that the causes of the effects are in the tides in the body of the planet and in the body of satellite (Emelyanov 2015; private communication). Lainey et al. (2009) considered an extensive set of astrometric observations from 1891 to 2007 to study the orbital tidal evolution of the innermost Jovian satellite Io. They integrated numerically the full equations of motion for the satellite center’s mass. It is noteworthy that Io’s tidal heat comes from the orbital energy of the Io–Jupiter systemRead MoreNotes On Sound And Noise1615 Words   |  7 PagesSound is the variation of pressure in an elastic medium (such as air) caused by a mechanical disturbance. The movement of molecules in a transmitting medium caused by a disturbance results in pressure oscillations above (compressions) and below (rarefactions) the ambient pressure level. The oscillation of sound pressure variations is referred to as a sound wave. A sound wave will move through an ideal medium longitudinally and omnidirectionally. The oscillation frequency of a sound wave determinesRead MoreEssay On Static Function1463 Words   |  6 PagesFW I problem. In practice, the initial P-wave velocity and permittivity model could be recovered by velocity analysis, and the initial conductivity model could be provided by electrical resistivity tomography. In our examples, the initial models are created by smoothing the true models or designed to form gradual variations in the parameter values. The estimation of the source signature is a key point for real cases; however, it is not investigated in this study. In the following examples, the sourceRead MoreA New Version Of The Portable Forced Oscillation Technique1396 Words   |  6 PagesSpecific Aim1: Develop a new version of the portable FOT to track changes in hourly temporal variation in respiratory system impedance (Zrs) and phase. Hypothesis: The newly developed portable Forced Oscillation Technique (FOT) measures the respiratory impedance as accurately as existing market devices. This aim is designed to validate the lab developed devices. Rationale: Current methods to evaluate the respiratory system are limited to Spirometry and Forced Oscillation Technique. Spirometry isRead MoreHigh School Religious Context And Reports Of Same Sex Attraction And Sexual Identity1074 Words   |  5 PagesThe study High School Religious Context and Reports of Same-Sex Attraction and Sexual Identity in Young Adulthood by Lindsey Wilkinson and Jennifer Pearson focuses on understanding the association between high school religious setting in adolescence and the reporting of same-sex attraction and sexual identity in young adulthood and how these relations vary by gender. Unlike previous studies that have considered how high school contexts shape the well-being of sexual youth, few have examined the extentRead MoreOverview of the Arab Culture Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesName of Culture Arab is not a race, but is a group of individuals that are united by their culture and history (ADC, 2014). There are many different variations commonly based on a particular individual’s country of origin such as Arab Americans. Other variations are based on their social class, the level of their education, if they live urbanely or rurally, or the time they have spent in the United States (Lipson Dubble, 2007). Most Arabs also practice Islamic religion and are Muslim. WhenRead More Power of the Quake Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pagesor volcanic eruptions are all triggers for an Earthquake; however, most are caused by a slippage of faults. A fault is a fracture in the Earths crust along which two blocks of the crust have slipped within one another. These faults are grouped into three categories (normal, thrust and strike-slip) and are located all over the Earth. In North America there is a very large fault that runs through California that separates the North American plate and the Pacific plate. The afore mentioned fault is called