Introduction To The Oil And Gas Industry Commerce Essay

Prologue To The Oil And Gas Industry Commerce Essay The creation of unrefined petroleum can incorporate up to three unique stages and they are essential, optional and tertiary. The tertiary strategy is otherwise called the Enhanced oil recuperation (EOR). Various techniques for upgraded oil recuperation (EOR) are intended to recoup oil left in the repository after both essential and auxiliary recuperation strategies have been executed according to their financial cutoff points. It is additionally characterized as the procedure where some outside vitality, sources were acquainted with improve the creation of oil from the oil field which is forgotten about after the abuse of the essential and optional techniques financially. These outside sources can be gases, synthetic concoctions or even steam through infusion frameworks and the procedures included are gas infusion, substance infusion, warm infusion and microbial infusion. The motivation behind Enhanced oil recuperation (EOR) is to expand oil creation, basically through an expansion in temperature, pressure, or an improvement of the oils capacity to course through the repository. The test of EOR is that the rest of the oil is situated in areas of the store that are hard to get to, and the oil is held in the pores by narrow weight. During essential recuperation, the characteristic weight of the repository drives oil into the wellbore, and fake lift strategies, (for example, siphons) carry the oil to the surface. Just around 10 percent of a repositories unique oil set up (OOIP) is regularly delivered during essential recuperation. Optional recuperation techniques applied to the fields gainful life by and large by infusing water or gas to dislodge oil and drive it to a creation wellbore, bringing about the recuperation of 20 to 40 percent of the first oil set up. When the repository is half vacant it is extravagant to remove and not gainful for the organi zations to deliver oil. Now of time the organizations may desert the repository which is half full. In the previous twenty years, many research associations and oil organizations have directed broad hypothetical and lab EOR (upgraded oil recuperation) looks into to incorporate approving pilot and field preliminaries pertinent to much required local business application, while western nations had ended such undertakings totally because of low oil costs. Lately, oil request has expanded and now these tasks have gotten progressively alluring. On a normal, 66% of the first oil found in the U.S stays in the ground after ordinary recuperation activities. This oil speaks to around 200 billion barrels. Because of these variables a large portion of the significant oil organizations are keen on strategies to extricate this oil. Furthermore, that is the place improved oil recuperation comes in. 2. CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES 2.1 Gas infusion: This is the most widely recognized and compelling technique to improve the oil creation from the field, which is noted as the best one for creation of oil for various oil fields. This was first attempted in Texas during the 1970s. This strategy has been planned to improve the weight of supply, keeping up low working expenses with the expansion underway of oil. The underlying costs for the fundamental hardware and segments of gas are exceptionally high, because of which this procedure has not seen boundless application. Then again the working expenses for this framework are exceptionally low, these forthright venture costs were the hindrances for the littler free oil organizations to execute this gas infusion EOR; anyway the speculation return made feasible for even autonomous littler organizations with the record oil costs. This strategy partners with nitrogen, gaseous petrol and principally carbon dioxide with the infusion procedure into the field. The gas (carbon dioxide) spreads and pushes the additional oil to the spot it very well may be removed out without any problem. Bit by bit carbon dioxide breaks down in the oil which assists with improving the oil stream rate by diminishing the thickness of the oil. In these applications, the greater part and up to 66% of the infused carbon dioxide comes back with the oil delivered and is generally re-infused into the store to limit the working expenses and the rest of the gas is caught in the oil repository in different methods. The usage of the carbon dioxide for the gas infusion EOR brought about the avoidance of bounty destructive gases from entering the characteristic air. C:UsersROCKYDesktopenhanced-oil-recovery.jpg 2.2 Thermal recuperation: Steam infusion method has been financially utilized since 1960s in California fields. As warmth is required to upgrade the oil stream rate, steam is sent into the store through the infusion framework to diminish its consistency or slender the substantial gooey oil, and improve its capacity to move through the repository which can be created at the delivering bore well. Dolberry oil evaluated that steam partner for 52percent of present methods utilized for Enhanced oil recuperation, when contrasted with the carbon dioxide at 31percent and nitrogen 17percent. The innovation called Steam Slugging contains a blend of steam and carbon dioxide that seemed to twofold the creation of oil inside a less timeframe which delivered great outcomes, making additional ten barrels for every day with included favorable circumstances like water removal and cleaning of the drag well. In this procedure each well is infused for going to 12 hours and afterward the well is left drenched for 12 to 15 hours in which the gas (carbon dioxide) mixes with the oil while and simultaneously nitrogen gas helps in pulling the oil to where weight is low. The additional warmth created by the additional constrain assists with slackening the oil in the compensation zone. In the end the oil delivered in this procedure is extricated in the compensation zone environmental factors. 2.3 Chemical recuperation: There are two kinds of synthetic substances that can be sent to the field to improve the oil creation, they are polymers and surfactants. The long chain particles called polymers which thickens the water used to clear oil through the store into delivering wells. Surfactants are cleanser like synthetic compounds that assists with deterring beads of oil from moving in the repository by bringing down the interfacial strain. Execution of this strategy is commonly impeded by the cost factor in synthetic substances. In this procedure, the synthetic substances are sent into the various wells through infusion framework which helps in removing the oil from the wells which are close by. 2.4 Microbial improved oil recuperation: This strategy isn't utilized regularly in view of the significant expenses and the advancements in this method are extremely later. This strategy alludes to the utilization of miniaturized scale living beings to recuperate additional oil from live oil fields, improving the oil creation in the hold. In this technique small scale life forms are acquainted into the save with produce innocuous results, for example, gases or dangerous regular substances which help to push oil out of the well. The utilization of smaller scale life forms and their metabolic items to improve the oil creation includes the infusion of the chose microorganisms into the oil field and the resulting incitement and transportation of their in-situ development items all together that their quality will help in further decrease of leftover oil left in the oil field after optional recuperation is depleted. 3. Worldwide TRENDS A large portion of the oil organizations expected to diminish the investigation expenses of the current oil fields and increment their creation and recoverable stores. Numerous incorporation strategies and co-activities have been built up among the organizations particularly in the Enhanced oil recuperation (EOR) zone, pointing not exclusively to build their stores, yet additionally to broaden the valuable supply lifetime. In an investigation USA case is dissected from 1986 to the start of 1998, since this is the nation that has applied the majority of these strategies. As of late framed key relationship in this period are additionally broke down. A bibliometric examination has been performed which shows RD propensities of EOR strategy in colleges, oil organizations and foundations. The examination shows that the EOR strategies applied overall upgraded the creation of oil and gas holds, upheld on advances, for example, multilateral and flat wells, 3D-4D seismic methods, test systems, atomic attractive reverberation, materials (polymers, froths, supplements and so forth) and hardware (curled tubing) and so on have been end up being extremely compelling. Current patterns in United States upgraded oil recuperation (EOR) ventures are investigated for the period from 1980-1987. The investigation depends on the U.S. Division of Energy (DOE) EOR venture information base which contains data on in excess of 1200 tasks. The National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER) stays up with the latest and investigate slants in the information under the arrangements of a helpful concurrence with the DOE. The recognizable pattern is the consistent decrease in the quantity of ventures beginning every year since 1981, which compares the consistent decrease in the oil costs during that period. Then again, polymer and immiscible carbon dioxide ventures which crested in number of starts in 1983. The pattern is by all accounts obviously moving towards the lower hazard extends inside the screening rules. Genuine field experimentation with suspicions of higher dangers has been diminishing. This pattern has considered a to be in 1986 as the arranged ventures seemed to have turned around the decrease in venture begins, anyway during this time sharp drop in oil costs drove organizations to relinquish a few activities and delay others. Just the enormous capital ventures previously made has seen new beginnings. In spite of the transitory difficulty, long haul EOR possibilities stay great, to a great extent in light of the fact that EOR stays perhaps the least expensive wellspring of new oil saves and could assume a key job in keeping up consistent oil creation for what's to come. The worldwide market for EOR, evaluated at almost $62.5 billion (for barrels of raw petroleum) for 2009, has demonstrated energizing development since 2005 totaling $3.1 billion. Foggy guidelines, mechanical difficulties and exorbitant actualize

Economics of Education Essay Example for Free

Financial aspects of Education Essay This venture, fundamentally surveys the wellsprings of income at Kinondoni Municipal alongside the budgetary allotment to auxiliary instructive division. It gives the significant wellsprings of income which incorporate Central Government income, Basket support (Donors) and Local government income which establish income from city administration demand, property assessment, publicizing and bill boarding expenses, pay income, and cost sharing. It recognizes that instruction is the needs to which the gathering considers much in apportioning their assets. The venture uncovers the foundation on the arrangement of financing training as a basic and basic sort of interest in creating nations especially Tanzania. It has demonstrated its significances as for running the framework (government) by and large. The significances give the remain to which the Government should mull over on designating assets in auxiliary instructive division. Increasingly over the venture has distinguished the goals for dissecting the wellsprings of income and instructive budgetary assignment. These destinations have been expressed so that, it shows the index as rules for coming to focused goal(s) for practical turn of events. In any case, contextual analysis strategy and narrative survey just as meeting procedures were utilized. The information have been examined utilizing tables and figures. 1.0. Presentation and Background. Kinondoni Municipal is situated in Dar es Salaam City in Tanzania. It is circumscribed by Indian Ocean to North East, Ilala Municipal toward the South, Bagamoyo District toward the North, Kibaha District toward the West and Kisarawe District toward the South West. The Municipal has number of issues and administrations to be done/given to the network. Among others being training, wellbeing administrations, street development and systems for upkeeps, water administrations, urban farming, force and vitality gracefully and others of the same. Every one of these administrations need cash to run in powerful manner so that, the network individuals could value the worry of the legislature for their prosperity. The Municipal has vision and Mission which the investigation was intrigued with, to look at whether are simply worded or are genuine in useful terms. The examination peered toward especially to its Mission proclamation â€Å"Provision of value administrations to the network through successful and proficient utilization of assets, limit building, great administration and rule of law henceforth improve the expectation for everyday comforts of people†. The venture (study) was done at this Municipal to distinguish the wellsprings of income for the Municipal to curter and serve the network adequately and productively. Another object was to look at, how the Municipal distribute its assets (Revenue) to auxiliary instructive division. A wellspring of income is a basic issue in running a few exercises to an individual, family, network and national level separately. In addition, in spite of the shortage of reserve (assets) in overhauling the network, there is an issue on legitimate plans and allotting the current assets in ideal way. Along these lines, the insightful choices on the most proficient method to utilize the current assets in its shortage is significant especially for creating nations like Tanzania. Another perspective towards this examination (venture) was to decide the manner in which the wellsprings of income are gathered. On this movement, it is where checking of income assortment ought to be mulled over for powerful execution. Besides, this activity needs philanthropic goal than individual pith so that, the natural products will be for the network as huge. There are two significances of doing this venture. First was to decide the wellsprings of income to the Municipal so as to comprehend the situation of Municipal and the Government as a rule in its qualities and shortcomings to deliver proposals to be taken for better execution in future. Second was to evaluate the distribution of the assets in optional instructive area. From this, designation of reserve will understand the decisions for a large portion of the gatherings in Tanzania and the manner in which speculation viewpoints are considered particularly instructive venture, henceforth enhancements to be made in a since quite a while ago run. The targets of this task were as per the following I) To decide the wellsprings of income for Kinondoni Municipal. ii) To survey the spending allotment to Secondary instructive area in Kinondoni Municipal. The undertaking presents different writing surveys in individual to the examination (venture). The writing survey is for the most part on wellsprings of income, financing frameworks, organization, jobs of the state and suggested recommendations. Galabawa (1985, p. 1) guaranteed that, â€Å"Tanzania’s plan for expanding instructive chances and improving the nature of training are regularly hampered by the restricted assets to instructive industry†. This understands, the difficult assets in arrangement of training in Tanzania is a difficult that exists and needs an answer on the most proficient method to go about so as to decrease the weight from the legislature to guarantee increasingly instructive chances and improve the nature of instruction. More accentuation on nature of instruction has been portrayed by Michaelowa. The creator attempted to recognize the territories which should be checked to guarantee that are taken into contemplations for the results in at any rate. The creator contended that, â€Å"The number of days educators are missing from school (ABSENCE), and teachers’ self revealed work fulfillment (MOTIVATION) have critical coefficients of the normal negative and positive sign respectively† (Michaelowa, 2001, p. 1707). On the off chance that the instruction business is running low on assets to improve access and nature of training, and if the mindful people should be spurred for powerful educating, implies this industry should be financed. The financing can be dictated by number of variables as cited from the article that, â€Å"The strategies of financing training in any nation mirror the country’s philosophy. Despite the fact that Tanzania’s instruction arrangements accentuated nature of chance and access, they likewise change from condition winning at explicit time† (Galabawa, 1994, p. 37) This writing audit has contributed much on this undertaking since targets expressed can be uncovered especially on wellsprings of income. As indicated by Galabawa (2007, p. 3), There are different wellsprings of instruction income. These sources can be isolated into four general classifications: Fiscal sources; ser charges including different types of cost recuperation and cost sharing; understudy advance when comprised as a rotating reserve which produces salary out of which advances are offered to understudies and different types of network commitments. The financial sources incorporate general charges; reserved expenses; burdens on with respect to instruction as a speculation, and wellsprings of instructive income, the legislature needs to assume its job for feasible advancement Galabawa (2007, p. 2) depicted that, â€Å"The cost of training can, in this manner be impacted by the administration choice which encroach on issues of flexibly of instruction benefits; the allotment and circulation of assets between various levels or various courses; the decision between various strategies for financing instruction and understudy support or even between various techniques for schooling†. Along these lines, this explains the situation of the Government in arrangement of instruction in the nation to guarantee get to and legitimate assignment of assets in various segments. Property; pay rates and deals; and various kinds of tolls. For all issues being talked about concerning wellsprings of income, instructive income, budgetary assignment and the job of the administration on instructive speculations and other segment, to have supportable usage of plans and to assemble limit on subsidize the board, responsibility, powerful review and equation financing to create predictable and dependable disbursements† ought to be mulled over for reasonable turn of events. Other than writing audit, contextual analysis was utilized during the undertaking. The investigation was done in Kinondoni Municipal. In this way intentional testing method was utilized. The venture had two factors specifically, subordinate variable which is spending allotment, and autonomous variable which is wellspring of income. With these factors the speculations of this task were as per the following; (I) There is a noteworthy connection between wellsprings of income and spending portion in auxiliary instructive area (Alternative speculation). (ii) There are no essential measures managing for wellsprings of income and spending assignment in optional instructive division (Null theory). Field visit, conversation and meeting. The rundown of instruments used to gather data and guide the field meeting and conversation were narrative audit and Interview. The focused on staff were Municipal financial analyst and area auxiliary instructive official; these were gotten utilizing intentional inspecting so as to get right data. The narrative audit included looking into different records concerning wellsprings of income and general distribution (financial plan) of the reserve to auxiliary instructive area. Additionally a meeting was directed in a nutshell path with the Municipal business analyst and area optional instructive official. The meeting was fundamentally in transit they get support for running the Municipal to curter and serve the network. In addition, the inquiries on what are the significant standards for distributing the reserve and difficulties they face on all issues concerning wellsprings of income and assignment of store all in all were inquired.

How Babson Is Getting Serious About Diversity

How Babson Is Getting Serious About Diversity by: Andrea Carter on January 09, 2018 | 0 Comments Comments 817 Views January 9, 2018Diversity. A lot of business schools talk the talk — but can they, as the saying goes, walk the walk? At Babson College, that is the exact question faculty and staff have been asking themselves over the last few years.The answer: Theyre absolutely going to try.Thats in keeping with precedent. In our Best Undergraduate Business Programs of 2017 ranking, Babson scored high marks on the diversity front. In the past two years, the school — already well known for having a diverse undergraduate student body — welcomed high percentages of underrepresented minorities in its incoming classes. Some 29% of freshmen were minorities in 2017, up from 28% the year before and a relatively high rate compared to other top B-schools, as many continue to work — and some struggle — to attract and enroll underrepresented minorities and i nternational students.TOO MUCH FOCUS ON THE NUMBERS, NOT ENOUGH FOCUS ON THE EXPERIENCEBut numbers are just a part of the story. In fact, say administrators and students alike, there’s too much emphasis placed on them.â€Å"Yes, the numbers are important, says Alana Anderson, senior assistant director of Multicultural Programs at Babson. We need to increase the mass of people who look different or bring different experiences. We increase the numbers, but we dont think about the atmosphere and climate we ask students to come into. We don’t do enough to examine the climate and experience that people face and sort of just bear through once they’re here.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Diversity is a buzzword that equals dollar signs,† says Nadia Mendes, who graduated from Babson last December. â€Å"The thinking is just to recruit and enroll and, by throwing them in, they’ll just intermix and hug it out with rainbows and unicorns. But it doesn’t work that way. W e have all these things we bring with us that change how we interact with one another.† Tough words from a student, but administrators say Mendes is representative of a growing trend where students of all backgrounds and creeds are raising their hands, pushing back, and holding schools accountable.   A CHANGE IN TIDE THAT’S BEING LED BY STUDENTSAnderson says when it comes to diversity, â€Å"institutions are slowly becoming more honest with themselves about themselves, but I think it’s because the student body is not letting them get by. The tide is changing because students aren’t allowing institutions to turn a blind eye or just say, ‘We don’t know how to do it.’ Students are really pushing back and saying, ‘This isn’t OK anymore.’† Nadia Mendes, Babson undergrad Class of 2017 You can count Mendes to be one of those tide changers. Last year, she co-authored a petition for the college’s faculty, staf f, and administration to address shortcomings she and other minority students said they saw at the school. What’s notable is that the underscored shortcomings extend well beyond a failure to increase the population of students of color. The petition also called foul on the school’s faculty diversity, lack of training of said faculty on how to properly engage different groups of students in meaningful ways, and a curriculum that inherently lacks diverse points of view.â€Å"We are proud, the petition reads, of Babson’s increasing commitment to racial justice and equality; however, we believe that Babson can do better in two key ways. Specifically, students of all backgrounds have expressed great discomfort with: 1) the lack of a racially diverse education within Babson’s curriculum; and, 2) the lack of domestic racial diversity among students, staff, and faculty. (Read the entire petition here.)The appeal further called for an audit of Babson’s cur rent undergraduate and graduate curricula and faculty. Why? â€Å"First, to determine the diversity of existing cases put before students to study and teaching notes and lectures that incorporate issues of domestic diversity and inclusion and racism. Secondly, a funded commitment to recruit, retain, and promote more domestic diverse faculty, specifically those of Black/African-American and Hispanic-American backgrounds. Page 1 of 3123 »

Importance Of Finance And Financial Management To Companys - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4200 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? If you plan to go big with your business, you can never neglect the importance of Financial Management. It is an essential tool that is required to move ahead with your expansion plans. Generally, this critical aspect is disregarded because the entrepreneurs are unaware of its advantages and uses. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Importance Of Finance And Financial Management To Companys" essay for you Create order Financial reports can help aid in making important future decisions. If you have a solo or micro business, then it is not imperative to make use of Financial Management. But as I mentioned earlier, if you plan to make it big in the world of business and commerce, you should make Financial Management your forte! Accounting and Financial Reports It is very important to keep track of your companys origin and its past history, particularly an account of the money that has been spent. When you analyze the financial reports, you will be aware of all the spending and expenses accurately. The earnings from specific services, product lines and sales staff all will come into clear focus once you have gone through the financial reports. This will help you to manage your expenses and marketing accordingly. Financial Ratios These ratios gives you all the information that you need to know about your business. Moreover, it is very easy to calculate. This way you can compare your companys standard with others. Financial ratios are not essential but it can point out your faults. Research A little bit of research on the expenses managed by other companies will help you manage yours better and your bottom line could increase. You might need to tweak the procedures, alter operations, streamline competencies or shake up the staff for a better performance. Analyzing the financial ratios will guide you towards the area you are most weak in so that you can develop a strategy to enhance the efficiency of your business. Financial Statements All the patterns in your expenses are exposed with the help of Financial Statements. Sales Trends comes into attention whether impacted by the season, changing consumer taste or other factors. This helps you to manage your inventories better, staff levels and sales promotions. Variable expenses and unusual or unauthorized expenses can be monitored with the help of Financial Statements. This will aid you in occasions of theft, embezzlement or other questionable activity before the stakes become too high. Economic highs and lows affect all companies and these periods of change is a test for all. Some stumble, some even fail and there are some who stand unscathed. But the economic growth of all companies is affected collectively. Sometimes the growth is totally unplanned and the expansion occurs due to some external factor which can range from landing a large account to just finding a great deal on a second location space. Always remember that without proper and concrete planning, no business can survive. Financial planning and management is not only for reviewing the financial statements but also to be aware of your expenses and then manage them in such a way that they dont go waste. You can use it to fund your future realistic projects and help your business go big. To explain why companies need to raise finance for different purposes. Finance is the money available to spend on business needs. Right from the moment someone thinks of a business idea, there needs to be cash. As the business grows there are inevitably greater calls for more money to finance expansion. The day to day running of the business also needs money. The main reasons a business needs finance are to: Start a business Depending on the type of business, it will need to finance the purchase of assets, materials and employing people. There will also need to be money to cover the running costs. It may be some time before the business generates enough cash from sales to pay for these costs. Link to cash flow forecasting. Finance expansions to production capacity As a business grows, it needs higher capacity and new technology to cut unit costs and keep up with competitors. New technology can be relatively expensive to the business and is seen as a long term investment, because the costs will outweigh the money saved or generated for a considerable period of time. And remember new technology is not just dealing with computer systems, but also new machinery and tools to perform processes quicker, more efficiently and with greater quality. To develop and market new products In fast moving markets, where competitors are constantly updating their products, a business needs to spend money on developing and marketing new products e.g. to do marketing research and test new products in pilot markets. These costs are not normally covered by sales of the products for some time (if at all), so money needs to be raised to pay for the research. To enter new markets When a business seeks to expand it may look to sell their products into new markets. These can be new geographical areas to sell to (e.g. export markets) or new types of customers. This costs money in terms of research and marketing e.g. advertising campaigns and setting up retail outlets. Take-over or acquisition When a business buys another business, it will need to find money to pay for the acquisition (acquisitions involve significant investment). This money will be used to pay owners of the business which is being bought. Moving to new premises Finance is needed to pay for simple expenses such as the cost of renting of removal vans, through to relocation packages for employees and the installation of machinery. To pay for the day to day running of business A business has many calls on its cash on a day to day basis, from paying a supplier for raw materials, paying the wages through to buying a new printer cartridge. Choosing the Right Source of Finance A business needs to assess the different types of finance based on the following criteria: Amount of money required a large amount of money is not available through some sources and the other sources of finance may not offer enough flexibility for a smaller amount. How quickly the money is needed the longer a business can spend trying to raise the money, normally the cheaper it is. However it may need the money very quickly (say if had to pay a big wage bill which if not paid would mean the factory would close down). The business would then have to accept a higher cost. The cheapest option available the cost of finance is normally measured in terms of the extra money that needs to be paid to secure the initial amount the typical cost is the interest that has to be paid on the borrowed amount. The cheapest form of money to a business comes from its trading profits. The amount of risk involved in the reason for the cash a project which has less chance of leading to a profit is deemed more risky than one that does. Potential sources of finance (especially external sources) take this into account and may not lend money to higher risk business projects, unless there is some sort of guarantee that their money will be returned. The length of time of the requirement for finance a good entrepreneur will judge whether the finance needed is for a long-term project or short term and therefore decide what type of finance they wish to use. To conduct an appraisal on different options available to a company wishing to invest specific amount of money. Introduction Investment is a key part of building your business. New assets such as machinery can boost productivity, cut costs and give you a competitive edge. Investments in product development, research and development, expertise and new markets can open up exciting growth opportunities. At the same time, you need to avoid overstretching limited financial resources or restricting your ability to pursue other options. Deciding where to focus your investment is an essential part of making the most of your potential. Even a project that is not designed to generate a profit should be subjected to investment appraisal to identify the best way to achieve its aims. This guide highlights the key financial and non-financial factors you should take into account when considering an investment. It also introduces the main financial appraisal techniques you can use. Net present value and internal rate of return Discounting cashflow allows you to put cashflows received at different times on a comparable basis. See the page in this guide on discounting future cashflow. You can use discounting cashflow to evaluate potential investments. There are two types of discounting methods of appraisal the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). The NPV calculates the present value of all cashflow associated with an investment: the initial investment outflow and the future cashflow returns. The higher the NPV the better. Alternatively, you can work out the discount rate that would give an investment an NPV of zero. This is called the IRR. The higher the IRR the better. You can compare the IRR to your own cost of capital, or the IRR on alternative projects. The key advantage of NPV and IRR is that they take into account the time value of money the fact that money you expect sooner is worth more to you than money you expect further in the future. Disadvantages NPV and IRR are sophisticated and relatively complicated ways of evaluating a potential investment. Most spreadsheet packages include functions that can calculate these or you could ask your accountant for help. Choosing the right discount rate to use to calculate NPV is difficult. The discount rate needs to take into account the riskiness of an investment project and should at least match your cost of capital. Financial aspects of investment appraisal Different appraisal techniques let you assess the effects an investment will have on your cashflow. You can compare the expected return to your cost of funding and to the returns offered by other potential investments. Your assessment should consider all the financial consequences of an investment. For example, buying more expensive machinery might be worthwhile if it is more efficient and uses cheaper supplies. As well as the financial impact, your calculations shouldalso considerÂÂ  any indirect effects. Identifying these soft benefits is often as important as the financial evaluation and may make the difference. Soft benefits could be: greater flexibility and quality of production faster time-to-market resulting in a bigger market share improved company image, better morale and job satisfaction, leading to greater productivity quicker decisions due to better availability of information Evaluating these benefits is not easy, particularly when it comes to raising the funds. Generally speaking, benefits that contribute to higher prices or increased sales are rated better than those cutting costs. For example, a manufacturer of machine parts could take a general benefit such as quality and break it down with estimated savings: ReducedÂÂ  reworking means less disruption to the production process, less manufacturing down-time and fewer design changes, resulting in an overall saving of 25 per cent. The current warranty and service costs of 10,000 per annum are likely to be halved. Quality assurance staff will be reduced by one as needs for inspections are lower. Better quality products will increase sales by 6 per cent and will also improve the companys current position of fourth among its competitors. It is important to estimate what the investments benefits are in financial terms wherever possible. You should ignore any sunk costs (ie costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered or would be spent regardless of whether the investment goes ahead), as these are not part of the specific investment. Before committing to any investment, it is essential to ensure any financing you need is available.ÂÂ   You should also consider the potential risks of any investment. Other factors Although profitability and cashflow are important, you should take into account how an investment fits w Strategic issues for investment appraisal Effective investment appraisal does not consider an investment in isolation. Instead, you should consider how the investment could contribute to your overall strategic objectives. Some investments can offer strategic benefits for your business. For example, you might invest in extending your product range so that you can supply more of the products that your key customers want. An investment like this could help strengthen your brand and your relationship with your customers. Often, one of the key benefits of making an investment can be the skills your business learns and the future opportunities that may arise. For example, you might invest in developing and trialling a new product even if you dont expect to make any profits at that stage. If the trial is successful, you can use what you have learned to make a larger, more profitable investment in bringing the product into full-scale production. On the other hand, making an investment can limit your flexibility to respond to future changes. For example, you would not want to invest heavily in new manufacturing equipment unless you were confident of the demand for your product. See the page in this guide on investment risk and sensitivity analysis. Timescales can also be an important strategic issue. For example, investors in your business may prefer investments that are expected to produce a quick return. See the page in this guide on the payback period. A useful test for a possible investment is to think about your alternatives. For example, instead of buying new machinery you could: do nothing do the minimum necessary to maintain your existing machinery achieve a similar outcome a different way, eg by outsourcing production to a supplier invest in an alternative project instead ith your existing business. There may also be other, non-financial reasons for making an investment. For example, you may need to update your equipment to improve health and safety or to meet modern standards. Accounting rate of return The accounting rate of return (ARR) is a way of comparing the profits you expect to make from an investment to the amount you need to invest. The ARR is normally calculated as the average annual profit you expect over the life of an investment project, compared with the average amount of capital invested. For example, if a project requires an average investment of 100,000 and is expected to produce an average annual profit of 15,000, the ARR would be 15 per cent. The higher the ARR, the more attractive the investment is. You can compare the ARR to your own target rate of return, and to the ARR on other potential investments. The ARR is widely used to provide a rough guide to how attractive an investment is. The main advantage is that it is easy to understand. Disadvantages Unlike other methods of investment appraisal, the ARR is based on profits rather than cashflow. So it is affected by subjective, non-cash items such as the rate of depreciation you use to calculate profits. The ARR also fails to take into account the timing of profits. In calculating ARR, a 100,000 profit five years away is given just as much weight as a 100,000 profit next year. In reality, you would prefer to get the profit sooner rather than later. See the page in this guide on discounting future cashflow. There are also several different formulas that can be used to calculate an ARR. If you use the ARR to compare different investments, you must be sure that you are calculating the ARR on a consistent basis. Payback period Payback period is a simple technique for assessing an investment by the length of time it would take to repay it. It is usually the default technique for smaller businesses and focuses on cashflow, not profit. For example, if a project requiring an investment of 100,000 is expected to provide annual cashflow of 25,000, the payback period would be four years. Similar calculations can be used to work out the payback period for a project with uneven annual cash flows. Payback period is a widely used method of assessing an investment. It is easy to calculate and easy to understand. By focusing on projects which offer a quick payback, it helps you avoid giving too much weight to risky, long-term projections. Disadvantages Payback period ignores the value of any cashflows once the initial investment has been repaid. For example, two projects could both have a payback period of four years, but one might be expected to produce no further return after five years, while the other might continue generating cash indefinitely. Although payback period focuses on relatively short-term cashflows, it fails to take into account the time value of money. For example, a 100,000 investment that produced no cashflow until the fourth year and then a payback of 100,000 would have the same four year payback period as an investment that produced an annual cashflow of 25,000. In reality, the first is likely to be a riskier and less attractive investment. A more complex version of payback period can be calculated using discounted cashflows. This gives more weight to cashflows you expect to receive sooner. See the page in this guide on discounting future cashflow. Discounting future cashflow As a rule, money now is better than money in the future. There are two key reasons: Money has a time value. If you have money now, you can use it for example, by putting it on deposit. Conversely, if you want money now but will only get it in the future, you would have to pay to borrow it. The further you look ahead, the greater the risks are. If you expect an investment to return 1,000 in a years time, you may well be right. If you are looking ten years into the future, things might well have changed. Discounting cashflow takes these concerns into account. It applies a discount rate to work out the present-day equivalent of a future cashflow. For example, suppose that you expect to receive 100 in one years time, and use a discount rate of 10 per cent. If you put 90.91 on deposit at 10 per cent for one year, at the end of the year you would have 100. In other words, the present value of that 100 can be calculated as 90.91. Similar calculations can be used to work out the present value of cashflows you expect to receive further into the future. For example, suppose you expect to receive 100 in two years time and use a discount rate of 10 per cent. If you put 82.64 on deposit for two years at 10 per cent, at the end of two years you would have 100. In other words, the present value of that 100 is 82.64. You can use discounted cashflows to assess a potential investment. See the page in this guide on net present value and internal rate of return. To demonstrate the importance of reports on the sale of an organizations finances. At regular period public companies must prepare documents called financial statements. Financial statements show the financial performance of an company. They are used for both internal-, and external purposes. When they are used internally, the management and sometimes the employees use it for their own information. Managers use it to plan ahead and set goals for upcoming periods. When they use the financial statements that were published, the management can compare them with their internally used financial statements. They can also use their own and other enterprises financial statements for comparison with macroeconomical datas and forecasts, as well as to the market and industry in which they operate in. The four main types are balance sheets, profit and loss accounts, cash flow statements, and income statements. Balance Sheets Balance sheets provide the observant with a clear picture of the financial condition of the company as a whole. It lists in detail the tangible and the intangible goods that the company owns or owes. These good can be broken further down into three main categories; the assets, the liabilities and the shareholders equity. Assets Assets include anything that the company actually owns and has disposal over. Examples of the assets of a company are its cash, lands, buildings, and real estates, equipment, machinery, furniture, patents and trademarks, and money owed by certain individuals or/and other businesses to the particular company. Assets that are owed to the company are referred to as accounts-, or notes receivables. Current Assets include anything that company can quickly monetise. Such current assets include cash, government securities, marketable securities, accounts receivable, notes receivable (other than from officers or employees), inventories, prepaid expenses, and any other item that could be converted into cash within one year in the normal course of business. Fixed Assets are long-term investments of the company, such as land, plant, equipment, machinery, leasehold improvements, furniture, fixtures, and any other items with an expected useful business life usually measured in a number of years or decades (as opposed to assets that wear out or are used up in less than one year. Fixed assets are usually accounted as expenses upon their purchase. They are normally not for resale and are recorded in the Balance Sheet at their net cost less (less is accounting term for minus) accumulated depreciation. Other Assets include any intangible assets, such as patents, copyrights, other intelectual property, royalties, exclusive contracts, and notes receivable from officers and employees. Liabilities Liabilities are money or goods acquired from individuals, and/or other corporate entities. Some examples of liabilities would be loans, sale of property, or services to the company on credit. Creditors (those that loan to the company) do not receive ownership in the business, only a (usually written) promise that their loans will be paid back according to te term agreed upon. Current Liabilities are accounts-, and notes-, taxes payable to financial institutions, accrued expenses (eg.: wages, salaries), current payment (due within one year) of long-term debts, and other obligations to creditors due within one year. Long-Term Liabilities are mortgages, intermediate and long-term loans, equipment loans, and other payment obligation due to a creditor of the company. Long-term liabilities are due to be payed in more than one year. Shareholders equity The shareholders equity (also called as net worth, or capital) is money or other forms of assets invested into the business by the owner, or owners, to acquire assets and to start the business. Any net profits that are not paid out in form of dividends to the owner, or owners, are also added to the shareholders equity. Losses during the operation of the business are subtracted from the shareholders equity. Assets are calculated the following way: Assets=Liabilities+Net worth Balance sheets show how the assets, liabilities, and the net worth of a business are distributed. They usually are prepared at set periods of time, for example at the end of each quarter. It is always prepared at the end of fiscal years. The periodic preparation of the balance sheets, the owner and/or the manager of the company can see historic-, and current trends andalsothe general performance of the corporation. It allows decision makers to make adjustments when needed, like the proportion of liabilities to assets. All balance sheets contain the same categories of assets, liabilities and net worth figures. Assets are arranged in decreasing order of their liquidity . Liabilities are listed in order of how soon they must be repaid, followed by retained earnings (net worth of owners equity). The categories and formats of Balance Sheets are established by a system known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The system is applied to all companies, large or small, so anyone reading the Balance Sheets can readily understand what it is saying. Profit and Loss Account Profit and loss accounts (abbreviated as PL account) summarize the incomes and expenses of a company in a given period of time. It also includes accruals too, which are incomes that will be realized only after the particular Profit and Loss Account statement was prepared. Cash-Flow Statements These statements show how money is predicted to move around (hence the phrase cash flow) at a given period of time. It is useful for planning future expenses. It shows whether or not there will be enough money to carry out the planned activities and whether or not the cash coming in are enough to cover the expenses. The cash flow statement is useful in the determination of the companys liquidity in a given period of time. Income Statements Income statements measure the companys sales and expenses over a specific period of time. They are prepared each month and fiscal year end. Income statements show the results of operating during those accounting periods. They are also prepared using the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and contain specific revenue and expense categories regardless of the nature of the company. Conclusion Financial statements are useful, because they show the financial condition of a company at a given period. There are many types of financial statements uses and purposes, measuring different financial aspects of the company. They can be used for both internal-, and external uses.

Gender And Gender Identity Disorder - 2178 Words

â€Å"From the moment we re born, our gender identity is no secret. We re either a boy or a girl. Gender organizes our world into pink or blue. As we grow up, most of us naturally fit into our gender roles. Girls wear dresses and play with dolls. For boys, it s pants and trucks.† (Goldburg, A.2007) However, for some, this is not the case. Imagine for a moment that you are a two year old boy drawn to the color pink, make up, and skirts. If this is the case than most likely, you are experiencing Gender Dysphoria, otherwise known as gender identity disorder. This condition can be defined as possessing strong, persistent feelings of identification with the opposite gender and discomfort with one s own assigned sex. People with GID desire to live as members of the opposite sex and often dress and use mannerisms associated with the other gender. Furthermore, too often transgender individuals are misunderstood and viewed as freaks of nature. Often times, especially without the support of their families, the individual is made to feel shame for their distain of their gender and conditioned to hate their body. In the first video and third video, the viewer is introduced to a Transgender named Jazz. She is the youngest transgender female on record. According to the video, â€Å"From the minute Jazz could speak, he made it clear he wanted a dress.† He also corrected his mother often about his gender by stating â€Å"No mommy, good girl. At first, his parents chose to ignore his condition asShow MoreRelatedGender Identity Disorder Essays1031 Words   |  5 PagesLiving a life feeling out of place, with the wrong feelings, and in the wrong body, for a person with Gender Identity Disorder, this is how they feel day to day. According to the DSM-IV-TR, Gender Identity Disorder is characterized by a strong, persistent cross -gender identification, persistent discomfort with his or her sex or sense of inappropriateness in their gender role of that sex. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), children, adolescents and adults who exhibit a preoccupationRead MoreGender And : Gender Identity Disorder1287 Words   |  6 PagesGender Dysphoria, formerly known as Gender Identity Disorder, is described by the DSM-IV as a persistent and strong cross-gender identification and a persistent unease with ones sex. However, gender identity is not diagnosed as such if it is comorbid with a physical intersex condition. Gender dysphoria is not to be confused with sexual orientation, as people with gender dysphoria could be attracted to men, women, or both. According to an article written by, Australasian Sciences there are fourRead MoreGender Identity Disorder954 Words   |  4 PagesGender Identity Disorder/Gender Dysphoria Gender identity disorder (GID) or transsexualism is defined by strong, persistent feelings of identification with the opposite gender and discomfort with one’s own assigned sex. (â€Å"Psychology Today†) Due to a recent change to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM, â€Å"Gender Identity Disorder† will be replaced with â€Å"Gender Dysphoria†. For the purpose of this paper those two terms will be interchangeable. This paper will exploreRead MoreGender Identity Disorder2712 Words   |  11 PagesGender Identity Disorder What is gender identity disorder? Gender identity disorder (GID) is the formal diagnosis used by psychologists and physicians to describe persons who experience significant gender dysphoria (discontent with the biological sex they were born with). It is a psychiatric classification and describes the attributes related to transsexuality. Gender identity disorder in children is usually reported as having always been there since childhood, and is considered clinicallyRead More Gender Identity Disorder Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesGender, Sex, Sexuality: Separate and NOT equal. First and foremost, a few key terms to keep in mind while reading this paper. Sex†: refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women.[1] â€Å"Gender†: refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.[2] â€Å"Gender identityâ€Å": an individuals self-conception as being male or female, as distinguished from actual biologicalRead MoreGender Identity Disorder ( Gid )1209 Words   |  5 Pagestheir biological sex and gender identity, which is known as gender dysphoria. Gender dysphoria is formally known as gender identity disorder (GID), gender incongruence or transgenderism. According to Mohammaed Meomon, gender dysphoria is a product of highly complex genetic, neurodevelopmental, and psychological factors (Meomon, 2016). A person’s biological sex is given at birth depending on the appearance of the genitals. What a person identifies with is called gender identity. For example, a womanRead MoreGender Identity Disorder Is A Mental Disorder983 Words   |  4 Pagesdepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, state that â€Å"gender identity disorder is a mental disorder in which gender identity is incongruent with anatomical sexâ⠂¬ . Individuals experience different degrees of unhappiness with their sex at birth, which in turn causes them to pursue the life and body of the opposite sex (2010). Does this mean that Matt (ie) has a mental disorder? Would this explain why when Matt (ie) went to a Shaman and the Shaman gave Matt (ie) allRead MoreGender Identity Disorder (Gid)1051 Words   |  5 Pages(e-mail me and let me know if you use this and how it does) Gender Identity Disorder (GID) As early as the age of four (Vitale, 1996), some children begin to realize that the gender their body tells them they are, and the gender their mind tells them they are dont correspond. The sense of gender and the anatomical sex of a person mature at different times and different regions of the body (Vitale, 1997b). Sometimes the gendermap, the template within the mind of a person that codes for masculinityRead MoreGender Identity Disorder ( Gid ) Essay2178 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Sex and gender have been highly controversial constructs amongst many researchers for a long time, due to differing interpretations and definitions for both. Sex is described as the biological indicators of an individual being male or female, based on their sex chromosomes and non-ambiguous internal and external genitalia. Gender, on the other hand, is a social construct that is shaped by the way someone develops their idea of male or female within society. The term gender was introduced whenRead MoreGender Identity Disorders ( Gids )1403 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual who was living as a woman while waiting to qualify for gender re-assignment surgery (GReS), shows the pain that those who struggle with gender identity disorders (GIDS) undergoi while â€Å"trapped† in the physical and social constraints of living as their original gender, as well as the relief that comes with living as a member of their â€Å"true† gender. Some may argue that use of surgery for purpose s of treating gender identity disorders is morally unacceptable since trans sexuality does not belong

Design Dynamic Telecommunicate Industries -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Design Dynamic Telecommunicate Industries? Answer: Introduction Mobile computing is a kind of technology that permits complete transference of data, video and voice via computer or any wireless device. Smart phones or any other equivalent device could be a tool of mobile computing (Pitoura and Samaras 2012). It associated with mobile communication, mobile software and mobile hardware. The business personals and the leaders of recent days need to take fruitful decision associated with mobile computing as it has opportunities to grow as successful business and it has flourishing demand in the modern market. However, with the growth of mobile computing, the business leaders should make investment on the mobile computing as to develop the operational activities (Chen Chiang and Storey 2012). It has mention that most of the operations in businesses are now dependent on the mobile computing function. Now days, the demand of much productivity is increasing in the workplace. Therefore, the business organization needs to adopt the technology, which is based on mobile computing (Rao Sasidhar and Kumar 2012). The organizations could explore opportunities related to mobile computing for its future business. It is the most essential part of the organization as the world is transforming its way and has become more dependent on the technologies such as mobile computing and as the business activities are not solely dependent on the office activities, thus, the business operations could be helpful for continuous activities across the globe (Hu et al. 2015). It could be helpful even for the office workers as they could manage business operations at any places with the help of mobile computing. The current research proposal is related to the opportunities that exist in application of mobile computing or technology in the business. Project Objectives The objectives are, To analyze the existing literature review based on the opportunities of business operation in application of mobile computing. To discuss the necessity of the mobile computing technology in the modern world. To discuss the advantages of the implication of the mobile computing technologies. To discuss the future opportunities related to the mobile computing technologies and the possible implication in the future world. This will be highlighted in the overall research proposal. To provide the recommendations of the possible application of the mobile computing technology in the contemporary and future world. Project Scope The scope of this research proposal comprises the analysis and discussion of the existing literatures that are associated with the opportunities of business operation in application of mobile computing. With the implication of the mobile computing, the possibilities for the improvement of the marketing and the scopes of the business operations for almost all business organizations have been increased. There are also some of the advantages of the mobile computing in the workplace and other business operations. There is also major scope in the future development as rapid changes in infrastructure of the mobile computing is going on. However, the business organizations should adopt these changes in Infrastructure of the mobile computing and accept the opportunities related to the application of the mobile computing. The organization should acknowledge the necessity of the mobile computing technology in the modern world. The scope of the research proposal is to discuss the practical possibilities in the future of this mobile computing technology and the possible implication in the future world. The research proposal will also recommend the possible application of the mobile computing technology in the contemporary and future world. All the relevant journals and past research works will be examined in order to fulfill the objectives of the research work. Literature Reviews The research work of Ahmed and Ahmed (2016) has explored the major advantages of the application of the mobile computing technology in the modern business world. With the help of method, an integration of the online data storing technology has been made possible. Jararweh et al. (2014) have discussed the importance of the mobile data communication that could have a major contribution in the future of the business operation. Liu and Rong (2015) have showed the allowance of the virtual information that is stored in the online server, which is accessible to the business leaders, thus, making international business faster and compatible in the modern context. Bank et al. (2016) have showed the cost-effectiveness of this technology and the involvement of this technology in the manual operational process. Borger et al. (2016) have discussed the social innovativeness of the cloud technology and the application in business in the development of the new procedure. Mobile computing has helped in effective business communication and supporting the technical service of the business operation. Rahimi et al. (2014) have stated about the implication of the faster communication method globally in business operation as wireless mobile communication psychology has evolved and there is an introduction of the advanced mobile system bandwidth. Ghezzi et al. (2015) have discussed the importance of this technology-based reality and displaying of the specific information about a product, which is being sold in the market. Sen and Swaminathan (2016) have noticed the opportunity for improving brand values and number of targeted customers. The marketing agents of any business operation should design a user-friendly websites in this context that could be helpful for the customers to get relevant information. Dinh et al. (2013) have discussed the opportunities of the implication of mobile computing in businesses. Due to application of the mobile computing, it is possible for online purchase, improvement of the business through online to reach targeted customers and the sales record. Gai et al. (2016) showed another aspect of the e-commerce from the perspective of customers, as they are now able to buy foreign brand products, which are delivered with the help of logistic support. Yousfi et al. (2016) have showed the possibility of the tracking the real-time movement of the raw material and product, thus getting the right and fair information about the product while Bradley et al. (2017) have identified the opportunity of estimate the exact delivery time of any product. Literature Problems and Gap Identification and Opportunities The current literature reviews have shown the opportunities and advantages of the application of the mobile computing however, the major gap in these literatures are there are not concerned about the challenges that any company could face regarding the application of this technology. There could be even major drawbacks that a company could face due to mobile computing application. As the whole system is solely based upon technology, therefore, any problem related to technical dysfunction could hamper the business operation, however, there are no such literature focusing these problems. Due to increasing rate of hacking and cyber crime, there are great risks of data breaching and chance for leaking information, which can damage the business and create financial loss. This is also one of the major literature problems and gap, which should not be overlooked. Thus, some opportunities to the researchers to conduct research on removing threats and problems are related to the different appl ication of the mobile computing. Research Hypotheses H0 : Mobile computing has no impact on the business opportunities. H1: Mobile computing has impact on the business opportunities. Research Questions The research questions are as followed, Primary Question: What are the necessity and advantages of the mobile computing technology in the modern business operations? Secondary Questions: What are the future opportunities and implications of the mobile computing in business operations? How to improve the future opportunities and the implication of the mobile computing in the business? Research Design and Methodology The one segment of the research method includes the qualitative analysis. The qualitative research aids to the improvement of the quality of the products and services. Hence, the researcher has done the qualitative analysis by conducting interviews. The qualitative research is appropriate for the study. Approaches to reliability and Validity In this research, the researcher started to describe the in depth analysis of the topic by which, the research could be done in better ways. The mobile computing opportunities in conducting business operation could be described under the positivism philosophy. Positivism is rather the best method, which would help in making detailed structure for this research. The inductive research approach has taken in as the research approaches. Inductive research approach is carried out by making observation, data collection, analysing those data by employing effective analytical tools. After that, it is followed by developing the potential theories relating the topic. Sampling As the researcher needs to gather the primary data, the sampling is an important method to select appropriate candidates for the study. Relevant data could be collected through the data collection method. The two basic sampling methods are probability and non-probability. Here, the research has chosen the non-probability sampling especially the convenient sampling. The reason is that the convenient sampling is used for reducing the deviation of responses that are collected from the primary data collection candidates. Sample Size For this current study, the researcher has taken 5 managers of any organisations, which use mobile computing technology, for the qualitative data collection. Data Collection Method The data collection method is the incorporation of the primary and secondary data where the researcher would emphasize on the primary data collection method for this research. The researcher has gained the primary data that is the information gathered from the interviews and this information should be very authentic and have capacity to provide a comprehensive approach to the research. Variable Specification The two variables in this research are the dependent and independent variables. The independent variable is the mobile computing and the dependent variable is the business opportunities related to this. Quantitative Research The quantitative analysis could be done through questionnaire survey. This is another segment of the research method. Research instrument The research instrument is the questionnaire survey that will be conducted online. The online questionnaire survey method is the research instrument that has been chosen. Quantitative Data Analysis Process The quantitative data analysis process would be descriptive. The descriptive research design process relates the objectives of the study with the obtained findings of the research. The descriptive design assists the researcher undertaking various approaches in a detailed or descriptive manner. Sampling As the researcher requires gathering the primary data, the sampling is an important method to choose appropriate candidates for this study. Relevant data could be taken from the data collection method. The two basic sampling methods are probability and non-probability. Here, the research has chosen the non-probability sampling method especially the convenient sampling method. The logic is that the convenient sampling method is used for minimizing the deviation of responses that are collected from the primary data collection candidates. Sample Size For this current study, the researcher has at first taken 90 respondents where as 80% of the respondents that is 72 of the people have responded to this survey. As the sample size is larger than the usual, convenient sampling is an appropriate method to decrease the deviation of responses. This could be helpful in getting the desirable conclusion from this survey, which the author needs to draw. Interviewing and Questionnaire Design The interview process would be conducted by taking five managers interview. The managers could be from any organization, which use the mobile computing technology. Based on fifteen questions, the online survey would be conducted. Reliability and Validity of Data In this research, the researcher has started to describe the insight analysis of the topic that better conduction of the research can be pursued. The mobile computing opportunities in conducting business operation can be better described under the positivism philosophy. The positivism is the best method that would help in better way in making detailed structure for this particular research. The inductive research approach has taken in as the research approaches. Inductive approach follows observation, data collection, analysis of those data using effective analytical tools and development of potential theories relative to the topic. Research Limitations The limitations could be faced by the researcher in means of challenges while conducting the interview and survey. Those are: The research is completely based on the primary data, which is a limitation for this research. Online survey itself is a limitation that could interrupt for collecting the authentic information related to the topic. Loyal customers could provide fake data to hide the flaws of the organization. In the interview process, the researcher could face difficulties in gathering the primary data for the reason of the data analysis only. This could deviate the findings of the study from expectation. Time Schedule Main activity 1st month and 2nd month 3rd month 4th month and 5th month 6th month, 7th month and 8th month 9th month Survey of the market Identification of user of internet Deciding the way to implement the promotion on these segmented group Implementing the marketing method Monitor Conclusion It can be concluded by stating that the mobile computing is helpful and necessary for business operation in modern world. The advantages and opportunities have been shown in the literature review part. marketing, there are some gaps still exist and that can be deduced based on the available literatures. It is here recommended to neutralize these gaps for the future improvement of the technology and business operation. References Ahmed, A. and Ahmed, E., 2016, January.A survey on mobile edge computing. In Intelligent Systems and Control (ISCO), 2016 10th International Conference on (pp. 1-8). IEEE. Bank, J.H., Bradley, L.M., Quirk, A.J. and Sun, L., International Business Machines Corporation, 2016.Enabling mobile computing devices to track data usage among mobile computing devices that share a data plan.U.S. Patent 9,426,308. Borger, S., Cardonha, C.H. and Koch, F.L., International Business Machines Corporation, 2016.Intermediated data entry in a shared message board through a mobile computing device. U.S. Patent 9,485,637. Bradley, L.M., Broomhall, M.E., Loredo, R.E. and Silva, A., International Business Machines Corporation, 2017. Intelligent user interaction experience for mobile computing devices. U.S. Patent 9,613,318. Chen, H., Chiang, R.H. and Storey, V.C., 2012. Business intelligence and analytics: From big data to big impact.MIS quarterly,36(4). Dinh, H.T., Lee, C., Niyato, D. and Wang, P., 2013. A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches. Wireless communications and mobile computing, 13(18), pp.1587-1611. Gai, K., Qiu, M., Zhao, H., Tao, L. and Zong, Z., 2016.Dynamic energy-aware cloudlet-based mobile cloud computing model for green computing.Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 59, pp.46-54. Ghezzi, A., Cortimiglia, M.N. and Frank, A.G., 2015. Strategy and business model design in dynamic telecommunications industries: A study on Italian mobile network operators. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, management. Hu, Y.C., Patel, M., Sabella, D., Sprecher, N. and Young, V., 2015. Mobile edge computingA key technology towards 5G.ETSI White Paper,11(11), pp.1-16. Jararweh, Y., Ababneh, F., Khreishah, A. and Dosari, F., 2014.Scalable cloudlet-based mobile computing model.Procedia Computer Science, 34, pp.434-441. Liu, G. and Rong, K., 2015. The nature of the Co-evolutionary process: Complex product development in the mobile computing Industrys business ecosystem. Group Organization Management, 40(6), pp.809-842. Pitoura, E. and Samaras, G., 2012.Data management for mobile computing(Vol. 10). Springer Science Business Media. Rao, N.M., Sasidhar, C. and Kumar, V.S., 2012. Cloud computing through mobile-learning.arXiv preprint arXiv:1204.auditing. Sanaei, Z., Abolfazli, S., Gani, A. and Buyya, R., 2014. Heterogeneity in mobile cloud computing: taxonomy and open challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 16(1), pp.369-392. Sen, A. and Swaminathan, A., Apple Inc., 2016. Cooperative power savings among mobile computing devices.U.S.Patent 9,282,516. Yousfi, A., de Freitas, A., Dey, A.K. and Saidi, R., 2016. The use of ubiquitous computing for business process improvement.IEEE Transactions on Services Computing, 9(4), pp.621-632.

Marketing Case Study of Apple Inc.

Introduction The brand image of a company is important in achieving higher sales because consumers readily purchase products which have a good reputation. Brand image is attached to the culture of the company and it is important for the stakeholders of a company to develop corporate cultures which are consistent with the national cultures.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing: Case Study of Apple Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Companies operating in the global markets have a big challenge to identify the cultures of different cultural groups so that they can achieve better market positions. The global markets have become turbulent and there has been a great need to establish brand cultures that are acceptable by many customers (Freeth, 2008). For example, the computer industry has been very competitive and this has forced the existing companies to adopt strategies which will improve their market posi tion. Apple is a company in this industry that has been able to develop differentiated products and has developed its brands to match the cultural needs of the consumers. This strategy has increased the sales volume of the company and Apple has been able to sustain the stiff competition in the market (Parsons Oja, 2009). Building brand culture A brand is the perception that consumers have about a particular product. To build a brand name requires filing consumers with experiences about the product. It takes time to develop a good brand image to the consumers. Brand is a psychological aspect that is reinforced by experiences about a particular product for a given period of time. Customers identify with brands which have a good history of performance in the market. Consumer loyalty is embedded on brands that they admire and they tend to re-buy such products because they have developed a good image about them (Parsons Maclaran, 2009). According to Parsons and Maclaran (2009), culture is a set of values, norms, beliefs, tastes and customs that people practice. Culture can be divided into small subcultures which become separated by invisible boundaries.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More National cultures represent the customs of a large group of people and there is need to identify subcultures in a nation so that each group is represented in the entire marketing process. Subcultures define the type of products that certain people consume. The national culture cannot be used to define the specific cultures of the people in a country. However, some countries have few subcultures and the application of national cultures becomes easier (Parsons Maclaran, 2009). There is a strong attachment between brand image and the cultural aspects of the consumers. Marketers need to address contradictions about certain brands that consumers have about brands being offered in the market. There are myths that consumers have about brands in the market and it is important that marketers identify these myths so that they can drive a positive image about the products being offered in the market. Changing myths about a product is a task that requires setting proper strategies which will lead to the adoption of the products by the consumers. Changing the myths about a product requires learning the cultural practices of the consumers so that they the marketers can change the perception the consumers have about the brands (Beverland, 2009). It is important for companies to have a clear idea about the brand requirements and the cultural attachments of the consumers. Consumers interpret brands in different ways and there is need to understand the cultural aspects of different consumers so that a company can capture the specific brand needs of the consumers they are dealing with. There is need to shift attention from producing brands with no cultural attachment t o the manufacture of brands which are cultural sensitive.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing: Case Study of Apple Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The brand culture of a product is developed from self concepts and performance identities. When a brand has a history of good performance, consumers tend to develop a culture that will lead to adoption of such products (Schroeder, Salzer-Mà ¶rling, 2006). Cultural icons are developed in the market and consumers compare the performance of other products with particular brands in the market. According to Parsons and Maclaran (2009), a cultural icon is something that is used as representative symbol such that consumers tend to admire such a thing. Brands which have a good history of performance are used as the reference brands and consumers will always compare the performance of other brands with such products (Beverland, 2009). Consumer collectives There are different consumer groups in the market and there is need for marketers to identify the specific groups of consumers so that they can develop products which match their needs. Identify consumer niche is an important aspect that marketers should do to improve their sales volume. A market niche is a group of consumers with specific needs and their needs are not fully satisfied. Consumers in a particular market niche have different cultural needs and there is need to develop better strategies of satisfying their needs. Identifying the brands which satisfy the needs of a consumer niche is important in developing better markets for a company. It is important for a company to identify the culture of a market niche they are targeting so that they can develop products which satisfy their needs to the maximum (Muniz O’Guinn, 2001). Consumers in a subculture have similar characteristics and they will behave in the same manner. As such, people in a particular subculture will have t he same demand for the commodities in the market.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, consumers in a subculture admire almost the same brands of products in the market. They have a shared consciousness for specific brands in the market (Muniz O’Guinn, 2001). Gender and consumer brand culture The role of gender differences has been identified in the advertising and promotional strategies of products. This has been applied in the development of consumer brand culture such that women have been associated with beauty products while men have been associated with products which show strength and power. Companies target specific groups of consumers when they are advertising because different gender groups have different tastes and they will prefer products which express the cultural attachment. Adverts are designed to attract the attention of potential consumers and they should be designed in a manner such that they capture the attention of the specific groups being targeted (Davis, 2009). As such, several stereotypes have been developed about different gen der groups and this requires marketers to attach the specific gender aspect in the adverts they make. For example, women who are considered to be wealthy and of high class are stereotyped to be complicated and stylish. As such, adverts focusing such group of consumers will be designed in a manner that they will imply that the products are stylish and that they fulfill the needs of the consumers (Grimm, 2008). According to Grimm (2008, para. 4) â€Å"women are supposed to be aware of the fact that they are constantly on display for others to critique. Women are supposed to put time and effort into the way they look† (Grimm 2008, para. 4). These stereotypes have been developed by people and are reflected in the consumer behavior. As such, women will be observed to be very sensitive about their looks more than men. The outward appearance is highly appreciated by women and products which create the best looks will have high demand for women. In the female world, beauty is a basic aspect that must be focused by the marketers especially when carrying out promotions and adverts. To be more categorical, city women have different tastes compared to women from the rural areas. Women from the rural areas are stereotyped to be more family oriented and they are said to have a greater sense of household products. Women from the city are stereotyped to be materialistic, independent, and money-oriented. Therefore, marketers should identify the specific group of customers to address depending on the type of products they are offering to the market (Grimm, 2008). There is an increasing gender appeal in the advertising of products and this requires marketers to identify the gender roles and cultural attachments of different products being offered in the market. However, adverts never fulfill the emotional needs of the consumers because people desire to have similar feelings as expressed in the adverts. For example, an advert about a person wearing an expensive jewel is cr eated to make an appeal to potential consumers about the need to feel great. This feeling may not be felt by the consumers who buy such products, thus adverts may sometimes create a false impression. It has been a consumer brand culture to attach the feelings expressed in adverts to the emotions of consumers when they are busying specific products (Grimm, 2008). Case study: Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is a company that specializes in the manufacture of computer software and computer hardware. In the recent past the company ventured the market for electronics and this strategy has led to the development of products such as the iPhone, iPod and other electronic products. Apple has dominated the music industry by developing music players. The company has been able to sell its products to the international community by adopting online retail marketing as well as establishing retail stores in different countries. Steve Jobs is the president of the company and he has been able to develop better strategies which have made the company successful in the global market. Despite stiff competition in the global market, Apple Inc has been able to overcome this competition by establishing differentiated products and matching the consumer demand to the products manufactured by the company. The culture of the company has been very favorable in developing innovative products which are readily acceptable in the global market. Steve Jobs established the culture of leadership and the use of new technologies to develop products which are innovative (O’Grady, 2008). The employees of the company are provided with an environment which is suitable for developing innovative products and this has been a major competitive strategy which has led to the development of better manufacturing and marketing processes. For example, in the recent past, Apple penetrated the music industry by introducing products which match the market demand. The company has sold many iTunes and iMovie products an d this was achieved after the management realized the high potential in music industry. Apple has been able to sell a lot of music products by the use of online and retail stores. The company has been able to develop effective marketing strategies which have captured a lot of consumers in the market (Ireland, Hoskisson Hitt, 2008). Building brand culture To build a brand culture, Apple has developed a strong research and marketing team that conducts research about the consumer culture and values. The company has penetrated the global markets and there has been a great challenge about learning and operating in a multicultural market environment. The company has been able to develop a strong brand name in the local and regional markets. Apple enjoys a high level of consumer loyalty because many people have been able to adopt the products of the company. Both individual and corporate consumers are targeted by the company and this has led to the adoption of the products of the company in many countries (Kahney, 2005). The brand culture of Apple products is based on innovation and this has been a major aspect that consumers attach to the products of the company. The management of the company has encouraged the employees to come up with innovative technologies so that they can differentiate the products offered in the global markets. Apple has been able to develop differentiated products and this has been a competitive strategy that has made the company overcome the stiff competition in the market. Competitors such as Microsoft, IBM, Dell Companies have been a major stabling block towards the success of Apple (McGrath, 2001). These companies have dominated the market for a long period even before Apple was established. Due to their long history in the computer market, they have been able to develop a strong market foundation such that other companies which enter the market find it challenging to win the demand of the customers. After establishing Apple Company, Ste ve Jobs and Steve Wozniak developed a culture of innovation such that other companies were unable to compete successfully in production of products similar to those of Apple. The company has experienced several challenges especially about consumer acceptance and cultural differences in the different markets in which the company operates. To overcome these challenges the management of the company has been able to come up with policies of capturing consumer loyalty for the brands offered in the market and in the recent market situation, Apple has the highest level of consumer loyalty. This aspect has improved the competitive position of the company and the management has established strategies to maintain (Ireland, Hoskisson Hitt, 2008). Knowing the national culture of a country is very important to the management of Apple Inc. because it helps develop marketing strategies which are suitable for specific markets. In most cases the national cultures represent the subcultures for the p roducts sold by the company. Therefore, the existence of subcultures does not affect to a great extent the sale of the products of Apple. The management identifies the national cultures of the countries they operate in so that they can decide how to approach such markets. Culture has impact on the sale of music and Apple has employed people from different backgrounds so that they can sell the products of the company according to the cultural practices of the consumers. The company has embarked on the strategy of employing the nationals of a country in which they operate. This strategy has helped reduce cultural conflicts that may arise due to cultural differences (Royer, 2005). The brands of Apple Inc. have become an icon in the market such that people have started identifying these products as a representative of other products in the market. Iconicity of Apple products is explained by the high consumer loyalty for such products in local and global markets. Apple has dominated the music industry and this has made the company improve its image. Apple has become an icon in the establishment of online music industry because the company has been able to sell a lot of its products through this system. Apple has established the myth of creativity and innovation in the computer industry. It is through its innovative strategies that the company has been able to create products with a high demand in the market (O’Grady, 2008). Consumer collectives Tiffany Co. is a company which provides a good example of brands with a specific consumer group. The company specializes in the manufacture of jewels and other beauty products. Most of the consumers of the products of the company are women. There is a general perception in the market that the products of the company are expensive and that they depict a certain class. Women have associated the brands of the company with class and as such people wearing products of the company are highly respected (Grimm, 2008). On the other hand, Apple has developed products for specific consumer groups in the market. Apple has been able to target almost all the consumer groups in the market by diversifying the range of products offered in the market. Product diversification and differentiation have been strategies which have been adopted by the company and this strategy has been successful in achieving more sales. The company has manufactured many products which are sold in different markets. The company does not only focus on the corporate customers but also individual consumers. This strategy has increased the sales because the company has been able to achieve consumer loyalty for most of its products (Kahney, 2005). The iPod and iMovie products have targeted the young generation and this has made the company to achieve great sales because this group of consumers has been very responsive to the products. On the other hand, the iPhone, MacBook and other new computer hardware products have focused on the educat ed people. Due to the increasing number of educated people in many countries, computer products have gained an increasing demand in the recent past. Apple has developed products which match the consumer demand for these products and the company has generated more sales from such products (Sherry Fischer, 2009). Gender and consumer brand culture Consumer brand culture has been expressed in the promotion of products for Apple Inc. apple has been able to identify the consumer needs and the company manufactures products which are appealing to different cultural groups as well as different age groups. It has been a stereotype that modern music targets the youths more than the old age. Apple has used these stereotypes to develop products such as iTunes, iPods, iPhones and iMovies which target the young generation (Hart-Davis, 2009). This strategy has attracted a large number of consumers and the company has become very competitive in the sale of music products in the global market. The c ompany sells music, movies and modern phones which target the young generation. A culture has been developed such that modern music is being sold over the internet. To capture more customers, Apple has introduced online retail stores where consumers can access most of the products through online channels. There have been minimal influences on the gender roles in purchasing products from the company (Ireland, Hoskisson Hitt, 2008). Apple has used different strategies of marketing its products to different gender groups in the market. Women have the purchasing behavior of associating with classy brands. This purchasing behavior has also been displayed in the sale of music products. Women prefer music products which represent a certain class while men have different purchasing behaviors depending on their background and life experiences. Conclusion Brands are developed to satisfy the needs of the consumers. Developing a strong brand image is a great challenge to many companies and req uires investing a lot of resources. There is a positive correlation between a brand image and the culture of the customers. To establish a strong brand image it is important for the management of a company to identify the cultural needs of the people. Apple is a company that has been successful in the implementation of modern technologies. The company has been able to establish competitive products by identifying consumer needs and fulfilling these needs by adopting modern technologies in the production of their products. Apple has penetrated into the music industry by identifying the cultural needs of the consumers in different countries. The management of the company should continue doing a lot of research about the products and their cultural attachment in various markets so that it can maintain its market position. Bibliography Beverland, M. (2009). Building Brand Authenticity: 7 Habits of Iconic Brands. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Davis, John A. (2009). Competitive succes s, how branding adds value. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons. Freeth, P. (2008). Nlp in business. Warwickshire, UK: Communications In Action. Grimm, K. (2008). Tiffany Co: Representation of women in advertising [Internet]. Version 5. Knol. Web. 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